Video calling for older people

What Are the Best Video Calling Tools for Older People?

Christmas will soon be here. Touch wood, it looks as though it will be more ‘normal’ than the last few years. But even with memories of the pandemic fading, many older people especially will still be understandably cautious about how much face-to-face socializing they do at this time.

In addition, this year we have a cost-of-living crisis. And many pensioners are even more cash-strapped than usual due to the removal of Winter Fuel Payments for all but the very poorest. Add to that bad winter weather (snow is currently falling here). And, of course, there will be the usual congestion (and worse) on many roads and motorways.

All this means that potentially there may still be less face-to-face socializing this festive season, especially where older people are concerned. Of course, it’s true they are more likely to suffer severe consequences if infected with respiratory viruses such as flu or Covid, so a measure of caution is understandable. But many have been seeing other people less often for several years now. And a lack of human contact – at this time of year especially – can lead to loneliness, depression, and other health issues (physical and mental).

While not a complete solution, video calling can provide a lifeline for older people. In particular, it can provide a means for them to keep in touch with distant friends and family, and especially with children and grandchildren.

So in this post I thought I’d look at some of the main options available. I hope this will help if you are an older person yourself, or if you have older friends and relatives.

What Do You Need?

At the risk of stating the obvious, if you’re going to make video calls, you will need a device with a camera and a microphone.

The good news is that all modern smartphones, Apple or Android, have good-quality cameras built in. These devices can be great for video calling, as you can hold them comfortably in your hand, move around with them, and point them at yourself or at anything you might want to talk about. The one drawback with smartphones is that the screen is relatively small, but for one-to-one conversations they are perfectly adequate.

Other good options are a tablet, a laptop or a Chromebook. All of these devices generally have a front-facing camera that is ideal for video calling (and indeed designed for it). As the screens are larger you will be able to see the other person (or people) more clearly. And group video calls with two or more other people (should you want to do this) are more feasible.

If you’re using a desktop computer it’s not quite as simple. In this case you will need to activate the built-in webcam or else buy a separate webcam (e.g. from Amazon). Standalone webcams normally plug in via a USB port. They may come with third-party software designed to help you control and make the most of them.

The other thing you will need is a video-calling app. There are lots you can use, but in this post I’ll focus on four of the most popular: Skype, FaceTime, WhatsApp and Messenger. All of these are free to download and use on wifi. If you are using them with a mobile data service they will eat up your allowance and you may end up paying extra, so it’s best to stick with wifi if at all possible.

There isn’t much difference in call quality in my experience, so it really comes down to personal preference which one you choose.

One other thing to note is that the person you are calling will need to use the same app as you are.

1. Skype

Video calls on smartphones? Yes

Video calls on tablets? Yes

Video calls on Windows? Yes

Video calls on a Mac? Yes

Skype was originally designed for making free voice calls over the internet, but then added video calls too. It’s seen as a little old-fashioned in some circles, and isn’t quite as easy to install and configure as some of its newer rivals. Nonetheless, it still works well, and you can use it for one-to-one or group calls.

If you have a modern smartphone or tablet it’s quite likely that Skype will be installed already, but otherwise you can download it from the Play Store (Android), Apple Store (Apple) or Skype website (PC or Mac). You will need to set up an account before you start using it, for which you will need to provide either your mobile number or your email address.

To make a Skype video call to a new contact, use the Search Skype box at the top left to search for the person’s real name, Skype name, or email address. If your friend has a common name, you may find there are a number of people to choose from in the list that pops up. Use the profile pictures to find the person you’re looking for, or click on the name to view their profile information. Anyone you talk to will automatically be added to your Skype contact list. Select your contact and click Call. With your audio call running, select the video camera icon to open the camera. During a call you can mute/unmute your microphone and switch your camera on/off by clicking on or tapping the appropriate icon.

Here is a link to a more in-depth article on making a video call with Skype.

2. WhatsApp

Video calls on smartphones? Yes

Video calls on tablets? No

Video calls on Windows? No

Video calls on a Mac? No

WhatsApp is owned by Facebook. It is primarily used for text chats and sharing photos and videos, but you can make video calls on it as well.

If you have a modern smartphone it’s quite likely WhatsApp will be installed already, but otherwise you will need to download it from the Play Store or Apple Store. To create an account, open the app and work through the set-up assistant. You will need to provide certain permissions to allow the app to access your camera and microphone and to import your existing phone contacts.

WhatsApp then works in a similar way to Skype. To place a video call, tap the contact you want to talk to, and tap the video camera icon next to their name. The other person can answer the call (swipe up the blue button), reject the call (swipe up the red phone button), or reject the call and send a text instead (swipe up the message button). If they answer, you’re good to go. You can toggle between the front and rear cameras on your phone by tapping on the appropriate icon if you wish.

Here is a link to a more in-depth article on making a video call with WhatsApp.

3. FaceTime

Video calls on smartphones? Yes – iPhones only

Video calls on tablets? Yes – iPads only

Video calls on Windows? No

Video calls on a Mac? Yes

FaceTime comes pre-installed on most Apple devices, so if you and the other person both have devices from Apple, it’s an easy option.

Making a call is (again) very simple. Just open the FaceTime app and tap the ‘+’ button, then type the phone number or email address of the person you want to call. Select audio (the microphone icon) or video (the camera icon) and you’re all set. If you have Apple’s voice assistant Siri you can also just say ‘Contact [Name]’. You can also tap ‘Recents’ to call people you have called recently and/or add your regular contacts to a Favourites list.

Here is a link to a more in-depth article on making a video call with FaceTime.

4. Messenger

Video calls on smartphones? Yes

Video calls on tablets? Yes

Video calls on Windows? Yes

Video calls on a Mac? Yes

Messenger is owned by Facebook but it is a separate app. If you don’t have it on your device already you will need to download it from the Play Store or Apple Store or via the website for PC or Mac.

To use Messenger you will need to have a Facebook account, but this does have the advantage that you won’t need to register the app separately and can start using it straight away. Messenger will automatically connect with all your Facebook friends.

To make a Messenger video call, tap the pencil icon at the top right of the app screen. Enter the name of whomever you want to contact and tap on their picture. You can then tap on the video camera icon to start a video call.

Here is a link to a more in-depth article on making a video call with Messenger (or Facebook).

Making Group Video Calls

All the apps above also allow you to make group calls. These can be great for connecting with multiple friends and/or family members. The number of contacts you can have in a call varies between apps. I have put details for the four services discussed in this post below.

Skype: Up to 100 contacts. In an ongoing conversation click the ‘+’ icon to add more contacts.

WhatsApp: Up to 32 contacts. In an ongoing call, select ‘Add Participant’.

FaceTime: Up to 32 contacts. During a FaceTime call, select ‘Add Person’.

Messenger: Up to 50 contacts. In an ongoing video call, tap on the ‘+’ icon.

Note that video calling apps compete fiercely for dominance, so the maximum numbers set out above may increase.

Finally, you will probably have heard about the group video-calling app Zoom. This is really a meetings app for businesses, but in the last few years it has become very popular with younger people especially. You don’t need any special software to take part in a Zoom chat – just click on the link you receive by text or email and the Zoom (meeting) will open in a browser window.

Zoom is very easy to use, and its Gallery View in particular has made it very popular. You can have up to 100 participants on a free call (there are also paid options for larger meetings of up to 1000 people). Concerns have, however, been raised about some privacy/security issues. One other drawback is that the free version only allows you to chat for 40 minutes at a time, although you can then reconnect in a new chat if you wish. You can read more about Zoom here.

Using a Smart Speaker

Another increasingly popular option is to use a smart speaker with a video display, e.g. the Amazon Echo Show [affiliate link]. In fact both parties don’t even need an Echo Show device, as you can make and receive calls to an Echo Show using a smartphone.

To make a video call using the Echo Show, first ensure the person you want to speak to has the Alexa app set up on their mobile phone or also owns an Echo Show. Then say, ‘Alexa, video call [contact name].’ You may be asked to confirm details of the person you’re trying to reach. Then wait for the person to answer. If you can’t see yourself on the screen, check the camera shutter on your device isn’t closed, or the ‘camera off’ icon isn’t selected. All being well, you can then start chatting to your friend or relative. At the end of the call click the red hang-up button or say, ‘Alexa, end video call.’

For more detailed information about using an Echo Show to make a video call, click through to this useful article on the popular Tom’s Guide website.

I hope you have found this article helpful. As always, if you have any comments or questions about this post, please do leave them below.

Note: this is a fully revised update of an annual article.

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Amazon's Black Friday Sale 2024

Are You Ready for Amazon’s Black Friday Sale?

Amazon’s Black Friday Sale is almost with us. This year it extends over 12 days, from Thursday 21 November to Monday 2 December.

Black Friday itself is on Friday 29 November, with the final day, Monday 2 December, being known as Cyber Monday.

Amazon say they will be offering 12 days of epic deals from leading brands including Philips, Tefal, Fossil, Logitech, Oral-B, Braun, Ghd, Bose, Microsoft Surface, Bosch, Shark, and more.

Some of the best deals will no doubt be reserved for Amazon’s own products, such as their Kindle e-book readersAmazon Echo smart speakers and Ring video doorbells and security cameras. Discounts of up to 60% will be on offer for these products.

What to Expect in the Black Friday Sale

1. Early Deals and Extended Sales
Amazon often kicks off its Black Friday sales early, sometimes starting a week or two before the big day. This year is no different, as early deals have already begun appearing at the time of writing. More will no doubt launch in the coming days, leading into Black Friday itself and extending through till Cyber Monday. Keep an eye out for daily flash deals and special discounts leading up to the main event.

2. Discounts Across Popular Categories
Amazon’s Black Friday sale usually includes heavy discounts across a wide range of categories, including:

  • Tech and Electronics: Expect significant price cuts on Amazon devices (such as Echo speakers, Fire tablets, and Kindles), as well as popular brands in laptops, smartphones, and TVs.
  • Fashion: From top brands to Amazon’s own Essentials line, you can expect deals on clothes, shoes, and accessories for every season.
  • Home and Kitchen: Look for discounts on everything from coffee makers to robot vacuum cleaners.
  • Toys and Games: With Christmas around the corner, Black Friday is a great time to pick up gifts at a discount.

Tips for Making the Most of Black Friday

1. Prepare Your Wish List
Creating a wish list is a great way to stay organized and track items you’re interested in. Go through your list the week before Black Friday to see if items are already on sale, then you can quickly check back on the day to see if the discount has increased.

2. Use Amazon’s ‘Watch This Deal’ Feature
For time-sensitive deals like Lightning Deals, the ‘Watch This Deal’ feature lets you get notifications when items you’re interested in go on sale. This can help you grab limited stock items before they sell out.

3. Compare Prices with CamelCamelCamel or Keepa
Websites like CamelCamelCamel and Keepa track price history on Amazon, which can help you see if the Black Friday price truly is the best deal. This is especially useful for high-ticket items where discounts may vary.

4. Sign Up for Amazon Prime
Amazon Prime members often get early access to some Black Friday deals. Plus, Prime includes fast delivery, which is ideal if you’re ordering gifts. You get a range of other benefits too, including Amazon Prime Music and Amazon Prime Video. If you’re not already a member, you can take advantage of Amazon’s 30-day free trial. You can always cancel once the Black Friday sale is over if you don’t want to pay for a subscription.

5. Be Ready to Check Out Quickly
Some deals, especially on popular items, sell out fast. To avoid missing out, make sure your payment information and delivery addresses are updated before the sale begins. If you’re ready to check out as soon as you find the deal you want, you’ll have a better chance of securing it.

6. Set a Budget
With so many discounts, it’s easy to get caught up in the excitement and overspend. Set a budget before you start shopping and prioritize items that you’ve planned for.

7. Keep an Eye Out for Coupons and Vouchers
Amazon sometimes offers additional savings through coupons, which are either applied automatically or appear as check-boxes on product pages. Using a coupon can help you save even more.

Key Dates to Remember

  • Early Deals Begin: from mid-November
  • Sale Officially Starts: November 21st 2024
  • Black Friday: November 29th 2024
  • Cyber Monday: December 2nd 2024 (final day of sale)

Whether you’re looking for electronics, fashion or Christmas gifts, Amazon’s Black Friday sale is an excellent time to find deals on popular products. By preparing beforehand and keeping the above tips in mind, you can get the very most from your Black Friday shopping.

As always, if you have any comments or questions about this post, please do leave them below. I am always delighted to hear from Pounds and Sense readers!

Disclosure: This post includes affiliate links. If you click through and make a purchase, I may receive a commission for introducing you. This will not affect the price you pay or the products or services you receive.

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My investments update November 2024

My Investments Update – November 2024

Here is my latest monthly update about my investments. You can read my October 2024 Investments Update here if you like.

I’ll begin as usual with my Nutmeg Stocks and Shares ISA. This is the largest investment I hold other than my Bestinvest SIPP (personal pension).

As the screenshot below for the year to date shows, my main Nutmeg portfolio is currently valued at £24,799 (rounded up). Last month it stood at £24,625, so that is an increase of £174.

Nutmeg main port Nov 2024

Apart from my main portfolio, I also have a second, smaller pot using Nutmeg’s Smart Alpha option. This is now worth £3,988 (rounded up) compared with £3,954 a month ago, a rise of £34. Here is a screen capture showing performance over the year to date.

Nutmeg SA port Nov 2024

Finally, at the start of December 2023 I invested £500 in one of Nutmeg’s new thematic portfolios (Resource Transformation). In March I also invested a further £200 from referral bonuses. As you can see from the YTD screen capture below, this portfolio is now worth £789 compared with £781 last month, a small rise of £8.

 

Nutmeg thematic port Nov 24

As you can see, October was another decent month for my Nutmeg investments, though the last few days saw a bit of a dip. The overall value has risen by £216 or 0.75% since the start of October. They are also up by £3,261 or 11.62% since the start of the year.

You can read my full Nutmeg review here. If you are looking for a home for your annual ISA allowance, based on my overall experience over the last eight years, they are certainly worth considering. They offer self-invested personal pensions (SIPPs), Lifetime ISAs and Junior ISAs as well.

  • Note that I am no longer an affiliate for Nutmeg. That means you won’t find any affiliate links in my review (or anywhere else on PAS). And you will no longer see the no-fees-for-six-months offer I used to promote as an affiliate. However, the better news is that you can still get six months free of any management fees by registering with Nutmeg via my Refer a Friend link. I will receive a gift voucher if you do this, which is duly appreciated 🙂

Don’t forget, also, that the current tax year began on 6 April 2024. Despite some predictions to the contrary, you still have a full £20,000 tax-free ISA allowance for 2024/25. As from this year, you can now open any number of ISAs with different providers in the same tax year, as long as you don’t exceed your overall £20,000 allowance. So opening a stocks and shares ISA with Nutmeg won’t prevent you from also opening one with another S&S ISA provider (should you wish to) later in the financial year.

Moving on, I also have investments with the property crowdlending platform Kuflink. They continue to do well, with new projects launching every week. I currently have around £833 invested with them in 7 different projects paying interest rates averaging around 7%. I also have £40 in my Kuflink cash account.

To date I have never lost any money with Kuflink, though some loan terms have been extended once or twice. On the plus side, when this happens additional interest is paid for the period in question.

There is now an initial minimum investment of £1,000 and a minimum investment per project of £500. Kuflink say they are doing this to streamline their operation and minimize costs. I can understand that, though it does mean that the option to test the water with a small first investment has been removed. It also makes it harder for small investors (like myself) to build a well-diversified portfolio on a limited budget.

One possible way around this is to invest using Kuflink’s Auto/IFISA facility. Your money here is automatically invested across a basket of loans over a period from one to five years. Interest rates range from 7% to around 10%, depending on the length of term you choose. Full up-to-date details can be found on the Kuflink website.

You can invest tax-free in a Kuflink Auto IFISA. Or if you have already used your annual ISA allowance elsewhere, you can invest via a taxable Auto account. You can read my full Kuflink review here if you wish.

Note that after this month I will not be including Kuflink in my monthly updates. I am gradually winding down my portfolio with them, as part of the de-risking process for my investments as i get older. As I’ve said above, I have no particular issue with Kuflink, though I do think increasing their minimum investment was unfortunate for the reasons stated above. But I still recommend them if their offering suits your investment strategy and risk appetite.

Moving on, my Assetz Exchange investments continue to generate steady returns. Regular readers will know that this is a P2P property investment platform focusing on lower-risk properties (e.g. sheltered housing). I put an initial £100 into this in mid-February 2021 and another £400 in April. In June 2021 I added another £500, bringing my total investment up to £1,000.

Since I opened my account, my AE portfolio has generated a respectable £215.02 in revenue from rental income. Capital growth has slowed, though, in line with UK property values generally.

At the time of writing, 13 of ‘my’ properties are showing gains, 4 are breaking even, and the remaining 17 are showing losses. My portfolio of 34 properties is currently showing a net decrease in value of £43.61, meaning that overall (rental income minus capital value decrease) I am up by £171.41. That’s still a decent return on my £1,000 and does illustrate the value of P2P property investments for diversifying your portfolio. And it doesn’t hurt that with Assetz Exchange most projects are socially beneficial as well.

The overall fall in capital value of my AE investments is obviously a little disappointing. But it’s important to remember that until/unless I choose to sell the investments in question, it is largely theoretical, based on the latest price at which shares in the property concerned have changed hands. The rental income, on the other hand, is real money (which in my case I’ve reinvested in other AE projects to further diversify my portfolio).

To control risk with all my property crowdfunding investments nowadays, I invest relatively modest amounts in individual projects. This is a particular attraction of AE as far as i am concerned (especially after Kuflink raised their minimum investment per project to £500). You can actually invest from as little as 80p per property if you really want to proceed cautiously.

  • As I noted in this recent post, Assetz Exchange is particularly good if you want to compound your returns by reinvesting rental income. This effectively boosts the interest rate you are receiving. Personally, once I have accrued a minimum of £10 in rental payments, I reinvest this money in either a new AE project or one I have already invested in (thus increasing my holding). Over time, even if I don’t invest any more capital, this will ensure my investment with AE grows at an accelerating rate and becomes more diversified as well.

My investment on Assetz Exchange is in the form of an IFISA so there won’t be any tax to pay on profits, dividends or capital gains. I’ve been impressed by my experiences with Assetz Exchange and the returns generated so far, and intend to continue investing with them. You can read my full review of Assetz Exchange here. You can also sign up for an account on Assetz Exchange directly via this link [affiliate]. Bear in mind that, as from this financial year (2024/25), you can open more than one IFISA per year.

In 2022 I set up an account with investment and trading platform eToro, using their popular ‘copy trader’ facility. I chose to invest $500 (then about £412) copying an experienced eToro trader called Aukie2008 (real name Mike Moest).

In January 2023 I added to this with another $500 investment in one of their thematic portfolios, Oil Worldwide. I also invested a small amount I had left over in Tesla shares.

As you can see from the screen captures below, my original investment totalling $1,022.26 is today worth $1,271.89 an overall increase of $249.63 or 24.42%.

Etoro Homepage Nov 2024

Etoro port Nov 2024

 

You can read my full review of eToro here. You may also like to check out my more in-depth look at eToro copy trading. I also discussed thematic investing with eToro using Smart Portfolios in this recent post. The latter also reveals why I took the somewhat contrarian step of choosing the oil industry for my first thematic investment with them.

As you can see, my Oil WorldWide investment is showing 5.09% profit. That’s a bit underwhelming, but at least it’s a profit! Obviously my copy trading investment with Aukie2008 has been doing much better.

You might also notice that I have small holdings in Prosus NV, a Dutch internet group, and South Bow, a Canadian energy infrastructure company. To be honest I don’t understand how I acquired these, but I assume they are some sort of bonus I have been awarded. In any event, I am happy to have them in my portfolio!

  • eToro also offer the free eToro Money app. This allows you to deposit money to your eToro account without paying any currency conversion fees, saving you up to £5 for every £1,000 you deposit. You can also use the app to withdraw funds from your eToro account instantly to your bank account. I tried this myself and was impressed with how quickly and seamlessly it worked. You can read my blog post about eToro Money here. Note that it can also serve as a cryptocurrency wallet, allowing you to send and receive crypto from any other wallet address in the world.

I had two more articles published in October on the excellent Mouthy Money website. The first is How to Cut Your Energy Bills This Winter. With the coldest winter months fast approaching, energy bills can quickly become a significant financial burden. So in this article I set out some tips to help you reduce your energy costs and keep your home warm without breaking the bank.

Also in October Mouthy Money published my article Always Wanted to be in the Movies? Let TV Studios Use Your Home for Money. As I explained in this, you definitely don’t need to live in a stately home to profit from this opportunity. A huge range of properties is required, so wherever you live there’s a chance it could be the perfect location for an upcoming project.

As I’ve said before, Mouthy Money is a great resource for anyone interested in money-making and money-saving. From the variety of articles published in October, I particularly enjoyed How to Prepare for a Frugal Winter by regular MM contributor Shoestring Jane. Jane writes mainly about money saving and frugal living. You can see all of her articles for Mouthy Money via this web page.

I also published (or republished) several posts on Pounds and Sense in October. Some are no longer relevant, but I have listed the others below.

In Here’s Why I’m Not Doing EDF Energy’s ‘Sunday Saver’ Challenge I set out my reasons for being dubious about this particular money-saving opportunity. This post has actually generated more comments than any before from readers sharing their experiences. If you’re considering doing this challenge (or a similar one from another energy company) I strongly recommend reading what others are saying about it. I must admit that having seen all the comments (those from Harry especially!) I am now more enthusiastic than I was originally, and will be giving it a try in November. Watch this space!

My post on How to Prepare for Winter Blackouts revealed my reasons for believing winter blackouts are increasingly likely in the UK, from government energy policies to the conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East. I set out a range of tips to ensure that you and your family are well-prepared should the worst happen.

In Will You Get the Warm Home Discount? I discussed this scheme which provides people on low incomes and/or certain means-tested benefits with a discount of £150 on their electricity bill. This is a one-off payment that will be credited to your electricity account by March 2025 (you won’t receive it in cash). The 2024/25 scheme has recently launched, and in this post I revealed who may be eligible.

In my post Should You Take a Lump Sum From Your Pension Now? I looked at the pros and cons of taking a tax-free lump sum from your pension. Retirees can typically withdraw 25% of their pension pot as a tax-free lump sum once they reach the age of 55. At the time I wrote this there was much speculation whether this tax-free allowance would be removed or reduced by Chancellor Rachel Reeves in her budget. That didn’t happen, but you might still find this article informative if taking a lump sum from your pension is on your agenda sometime soon.

My Review of the Simba Orbit Weighted Blanket was a sponsored post. I was sent this product free of charge by my friends at Simba Sleep. In this post I revealed what I thought of it.

And in Twelve Great Christmas Gift Ideas for Older People (That Aren’t Socks) I set out 12 suggestions for presents for older friends and relatives that – based on my experience as an older person myself – should put a smile on their faces! If you’re struggling for ideas for gifts for older friends and relatives, check this out 🙂

Lastly – as referred to earlier – in October we had Labour Chancellor Rachel Reeves’ first budget. This seemed a very long time coming and was the subject of much speculation – and no  small amount of dread – beforehand.

My initial reaction was that it wasn’t as bad as it could have been. Several of the possible measures that had been touted didn’t happen. That includes cuts to the £20,000 annual tax-free ISA allowance, the ending of the old person’s bus pass, and the scrapping of the 25% council tax discount for single-person households. The last two in particular would have been very bad news indeed for older people on top of losing (in many cases) their Winter Fuel Payment. Thankfully these things haven’t happened (yet).

Also on the plus side, the additional investment in the NHS is obviously welcome, though in my view this does need to be accompanied by structural changes to boost efficiency and productivity.

On the minus side, although Reeves presented this as a budget for growth, the rise in employers’ National Insurance contributions and other changes brought in by Labour seem more likely to have the opposite effect. They will discourage investment in the UK and potentially lead to job losses as well. Farmers were particularly hard hit by inheritance tax changes. These will potentially generate huge tax bills for family farms and may result in thousands having to sell up. Any farmers among my readers have my sympathy and support.

We will obviously see how things pan out over the coming months and years, but I can’t say I am particularly optimistic over the direction in which this country is heading. In particular – as regular readers will know – I have serious concerns over the effect the government’s reckless pursuit of ‘Net Zero’ will have on our energy security and standard of living. In my view, far more effort should be put into adapting to the effects of climate change, rather than wasting billions on pie-in-the-sky virtue-signalling schemes such as carbon capture machines and giant flywheels. Okay, I’ll get off my soapbox now!

As always, if you have any comments or queries about this update, feel free to leave them below. I am always delighted to hear from PAS readers 🙂

Disclaimer: I am not a qualified financial adviser and nothing in this blog post should be construed as personal financial advice. Everyone should do their own ‘due diligence’ before investing and seek professional advice if in any doubt how best to proceed. All investing carries a risk of loss. Note also that posts on PAS may include affiliate links. If you click through and perform a qualifying transaction, I may receive a commission for introducing you. This will not affect the product or service you receive or the terms you are offered, but it does help support me in publishing PAS and paying my bills. Thank you!

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